Zotero
Collection
Contenus
- Intelligences végétales
- A Conceptual Framework for Integrating Conversational Agents in Digital Education
-
Note : E3F84AWW
<div data-citation-items="%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22itemData%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-92-64-96278-1%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22fr%22%2C%22note%22%3A%22DOI%3A%2010.1787%2Fd5fe6bd0-fr%22%2C%22publisher%22%3A%22OECD%22%2C%22source%22%3A%22DOI.org%20(Crossref)%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Perspectives%20de%20l'OCDE%20sur%20l'%C3%A9ducation%20num%C3%A9rique%202021%3A%20Repousser%20les%20fronti%C3%A8res%20avec%20l'IA%2C%20la%20blockchain%20et%20les%20robots%22%2C%22title-short%22%3A%22Perspectives%20de%20l'OCDE%20sur%20l'%C3%A9ducation%20num%C3%A9rique%202021%22%2C%22URL%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Feducation%2Fperspectives-de-l-ocde-sur-l-education-numerique-2021_d5fe6bd0-fr%22%2C%22author%22%3A%5B%7B%22literal%22%3A%22OCDE%22%7D%5D%2C%22accessed%22%3A%7B%22date-parts%22%3A%5B%5B%222022%22%2C12%2C13%5D%5D%7D%2C%22issued%22%3A%7B%22date-parts%22%3A%5B%5B%222022%22%2C12%2C9%5D%5D%7D%7D%7D%5D" data-schema-version="6"><h1>Annotations<br/>(13/12/2022 à 08:29:30)</h1> <p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%229ZFT58TV%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2217%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A18%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B76.535%2C556.159%2C552.785%2C567.874%5D%2C%5B76.535%2C543.762%2C552.816%2C555.123%5D%2C%5B76.535%2C531.267%2C552.806%2C542.628%5D%2C%5B76.535%2C518.772%2C125.129%2C530.133%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2217%22%7D%7D">« Il convient de financer des études visant à déterminer l’efficacité pédagogique des technologies intelligentes dans un cadre à la fois scolaire et extrascolaire, et leur efficacité à des fins de gestion des systèmes, sans s’intéresser exclusivement à la technologie. Des critères pourraient aussi être définis afin de produire rapidement ces études. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2217%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 17</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22CKSL9K58%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2220%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A21%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B42.52%2C307.542%2C510.561%2C323.517%5D%2C%5B42.52%2C292.542%2C111.849%2C308.517%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2220%22%7D%7D">« Les frontières actuelles de la transformation numérique dans le monde de l’éducation »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2220%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 20</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22E2XQZU95%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2220%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A21%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B42.52%2C278.089%2C532.89%2C289.45%5D%2C%5B42.52%2C265.594%2C532.965%2C276.955%5D%2C%5B42.52%2C253.099%2C532.966%2C264.46%5D%2C%5B42.52%2C240.604%2C77.19%2C251.965%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2220%22%7D%7D">« L’objectif de cet ouvrage étant de cerner les limites actuelles de l’utilisation des technologies nouvelles dans le monde de l’éducation et de faire le point sur la situation aujourd’hui, nous nous limiterons à évoquer ce que la technologie est déjà capable de réaliser maintenant dans certains établissements, laboratoires ou dans certaines régions. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2220%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 20</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22LY68LB8X%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ff6666%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2224%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A25%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B401.346%2C65.928%2C532.958%2C77.289%5D%2C%5B42.522%2C51.936%2C365.704%2C64.794%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2224%22%7D%7D">« Les technologies intelligentes renforcent clairement l’efficacité de l’éducation à cet égard (Good, 2021[11]). »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2224%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 24</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22U8525G4N%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ff6666%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2225%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A26%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B89.839%2C701.781%2C552.826%2C713.142%5D%2C%5B62.361%2C689.286%2C552.758%2C700.647%5D%2C%5B62.361%2C676.791%2C349.546%2C688.152%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2225%22%7D%7D">« En fait, les débouchés les plus importants pour les entreprises de technologie éducative résident auprès du grand public, autrement dit les apprenants et leurs parents, soit pour des activités d’apprentissage récréatives, soit pour l’encadrement personnel ou la préparation aux examens. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2225%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 25</span>)</span> business is business</p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22UU2KQLFS%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2225%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A26%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B117.738%2C580.821%2C552.753%2C592.182%5D%2C%5B62.361%2C568.327%2C552.784%2C579.688%5D%2C%5B62.361%2C555.832%2C552.732%2C567.193%5D%2C%5B62.361%2C541.785%2C232.097%2C554.698%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2225%22%7D%7D">« Si les solutions d’orchestration de la classe peuvent aider les enseignants en temps réel, elles fournissent également un retour d’information sur leur propre pratique, par exemple sur leur activité verbale, sur les personnes auxquelles ils s’adressent ou sur la manière dont ils répartissent leur temps entre différents types d’activités (Dillenbourg, 2021[12]). »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2225%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 25</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="FMNAUTKM" width="841" height="390" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22CALL2VQM%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2226%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A27%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B36.571%2C79.714%2C541.257%2C313.771%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2226%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2226%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 26</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%2285BEKQDK%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2228%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A29%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B364.168%2C651.801%2C532.982%2C663.162%5D%2C%5B42.52%2C639.306%2C316.244%2C650.667%5D%2C%5B42.52%2C618.306%2C532.871%2C629.667%5D%2C%5B42.52%2C605.812%2C119.192%2C617.173%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2228%22%7D%7D">« Au bout du compte, les écarts dans les résultats scolaires s’aggraveraient donc au lieu d’être comblés. Cela étant dit, de nombreuses raisons poussent à croire que les technologies intelligentes peuvent contribuer à renforcer l’équité. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2228%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 28</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%223HQWUJ6C%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2230%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A31%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B405.61%2C468.099%2C532.923%2C479.46%5D%2C%5B42.52%2C455.604%2C532.913%2C466.965%5D%2C%5B42.52%2C443.109%2C91.964%2C454.47%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2230%22%7D%7D">« Comment les gouvernements peuvent-ils exploiter au mieux les avantages de la technologie dans l’éducation tout en limitant ses risques éventuels ? »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2230%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 30</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22P8GVL6NF%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2230%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A31%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B350.824%2C214.434%2C532.913%2C227.308%5D%2C%5B42.521%2C203.422%2C532.87%2C214.783%5D%2C%5B42.521%2C190.927%2C532.902%2C202.288%5D%2C%5B42.521%2C178.432%2C204.116%2C189.793%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2230%22%7D%7D">« Tel que le formule Dillenbourg (2021[12]), « il y a un enseignant dans la boucle » et l’analyse des données de la classe est conçue pour aider les enseignants à organiser l’enseignement et l’apprentissage et à leur fournir efficacement des scénarios d’apprentissage intéressants - et non à les remplacer. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2230%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 30</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22HM4QLMTB%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2231%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A32%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B62.364%2C484.778%2C552.724%2C496.139%5D%2C%5B62.364%2C470.782%2C552.752%2C483.644%5D%2C%5B62.359%2C459.769%2C552.783%2C471.13%5D%2C%5B62.359%2C447.274%2C386.096%2C458.635%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2231%22%7D%7D">« L’un des défis des évaluations standardisées basées sur le jeu sera de susciter l’acceptation sociale, voire la confiance totale, comme ce fut le cas pour les évaluations standardisées traditionnelles. Buckley et al. (2021[14]) relèvent que la mise au point d’évaluations basées sur le jeu qui sont valides, fiables et équitables est considérablement plus complexe et difficile que la conception de tests standardisés traditionnels. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2231%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 31</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22BYUZ629Z%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2231%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A32%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B76.535%2C224.487%2C552.805%2C236.202%5D%2C%5B76.535%2C212.09%2C552.763%2C223.451%5D%2C%5B76.535%2C199.595%2C223.032%2C210.956%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2231%22%7D%7D">« Les partenariats public-privé, entre les pouvoirs publics, les chercheurs en technologie dans les universités et l’industrie des technologies de l’éducation, devraient être la pierre angulaire des projets de recherche et de développement dans ce domaine. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2231%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 31</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%223I4W4I8A%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2232%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A33%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B42.515%2C508.649%2C532.914%2C520.01%5D%2C%5B42.515%2C496.155%2C395.325%2C507.516%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2232%22%7D%7D">« Malgré les progrès très rapides des technologies intelligentes, les ordinateurs et les technologies éducatives intelligentes restent imparfaits - mais pas nécessairement plus que les humains. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2232%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 32</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22HLUQT4RI%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ff6666%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2232%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A33%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B295.008%2C408.69%2C532.948%2C420.051%5D%2C%5B42.515%2C396.195%2C532.981%2C407.556%5D%2C%5B42.515%2C383.7%2C532.949%2C395.061%5D%2C%5B42.515%2C371.206%2C77.101%2C382.567%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2232%22%7D%7D">« Est-ce que la norme attendue doit s’apparenter à une précision totale ? La question est posée. Et la réponse sera déterminée par les enjeux sociaux qui sont liés aux différentes tâches. Dans de nombreux cas, un diagnostic ou une décision « suffisamment précis » devrait faire l’affaire. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2232%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 32</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22YU9DJZ8R%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ff6666%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2232%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A33%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B521.16%2C265.442%2C532.983%2C276.803%5D%2C%5B56.693%2C252.947%2C532.887%2C264.308%5D%2C%5B56.693%2C240.452%2C532.889%2C251.813%5D%2C%5B56.693%2C227.958%2C532.878%2C239.319%5D%2C%5B56.693%2C215.463%2C365.361%2C226.824%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2232%22%7D%7D">« On pourrait demander aux entreprises de technologie éducative de démontrer le niveau de précision ou d’efficacité de leurs solutions technologiques avec des exigences de précision différentes en fonction des enjeux de la décision pour laquelle elles interviennent. Ces exigences de précision devraient idéalement être comparées aux performances actuelles des enseignants et des responsables scolaires. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2232%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 32</span>)</span> retournement de l'humanisme :ce n'est plus l'hommela mesure de toute chose mais la machine !</p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%227QRSN8PZ%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ff6666%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2232%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A33%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B246.943%2C159.778%2C532.93%2C171.139%5D%2C%5B56.693%2C147.283%2C532.994%2C158.644%5D%2C%5B56.693%2C134.788%2C532.963%2C146.149%5D%2C%5B56.693%2C122.294%2C522.042%2C133.655%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2232%22%7D%7D">« Ces exigences technologiques devraient reposer sur une politique d’atténuation des risques plutôt que sur une politique sans risque, ce qui revient à accepter le fait que les technologies intelligentes peuvent être bénéfiques même si elles ne sont pas totalement précises. On pourrait imaginer que l’être humain garde le contrôle dans les étapes finales lorsque les enjeux sociaux sont élevés. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2232%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 32</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22RWL7ZX63%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2233%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A34%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B150.26%2C433.282%2C552.723%2C446.15%5D%2C%5B62.364%2C422.269%2C552.766%2C433.63%5D%2C%5B62.364%2C409.774%2C552.724%2C421.135%5D%2C%5B62.364%2C397.28%2C552.763%2C408.641%5D%2C%5B62.364%2C384.785%2C552.758%2C396.146%5D%2C%5B62.364%2C370.782%2C500.655%2C383.651%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2233%22%7D%7D">« L’environnement d’apprentissage ECHOES, qui favorise l’exploration et l’apprentissage des compétences en communication sociale chez les enfants autistes, s’avère efficace dans la mesure où les échanges interviennent dans un cadre qui favorise la communication entre l’enfant autiste et l’adulte qui surveille le logiciel et l’environnement d’apprentissage. Cet aspect important est en fait apparu lors de la phase test de l’outil et de son utilisation et n’avait pas été prévu lors de la conception initiale. Cela démontre combien il est important de concevoir et d’adapter les solutions technologiques avec l’aide des utilisateurs finaux (Good, 2021[11]). »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2233%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 33</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22QDW9YZ6F%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2234%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A35%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B212.104%2C177.43%2C532.857%2C188.791%5D%2C%5B56.693%2C164.935%2C532.921%2C176.296%5D%2C%5B56.693%2C152.44%2C314.519%2C163.801%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2234%22%7D%7D">« De manière plus générale, la conception de l’interface entre l’homme et l’enseignement intelligent est souvent un aspect essentiel de l’utilisabilité et de l’impact des solutions numériques sur l’apprentissage ou d’autres objectifs ciblés. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2234%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 34</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%224D6WZ2YT%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ff6666%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2235%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A36%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B62.357%2C182.7%2C552.811%2C194.061%5D%2C%5B62.357%2C170.205%2C552.77%2C181.566%5D%2C%5B62.357%2C157.71%2C447.759%2C169.071%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2235%22%7D%7D">« Les discussions éthiques doivent normalement porter sur ce qui ne fait pas l’objet de réglementations à l’échelle nationale et donc sur des aspects pour lesquels les individus et les autorités ont une plus grande liberté d’action. C’est ainsi que nous appréhendons la question éthique dans le domaine de l’IA éducative. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2235%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 35</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22JXT9T62T%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2236%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A37%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B129.103%2C504.286%2C532.938%2C517.134%5D%2C%5B42.525%2C493.273%2C532.947%2C504.634%5D%2C%5B42.525%2C480.779%2C532.938%2C492.14%5D%2C%5B42.525%2C468.284%2C532.937%2C479.645%5D%2C%5B42.524%2C455.789%2C532.905%2C467.15%5D%2C%5B42.524%2C441.786%2C447.593%2C454.655%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2236%22%7D%7D">« Bowers (2021[19]) évoque le mouvement des « algorithmes ouverts » dans le domaine des systèmes d’alerte précoce et notamment deux séries de critères qui se recoupent pour garantir la transparence, la vérification et la reproductibilité des algorithmes. Ils doivent être précis, accessibles, exploitables et redevables, d’une part (ces critères sont connus comme étant les « 4 A » en anglais, pour accurate, accessible, actionable and accountable) et repérables, accessibles, interopérables et reproduisibles, d’autre part (ces critères sont connus sous l’acronyme anglais FAIR, pour findable, accessible, interoperable and reproductible). »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2236%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 36</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="Y536HCP9" width="878" height="576" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22W4Q59CAS%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2265%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A66%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B41.073%2C213.621%2C567.701%2C559.08%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2265%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2265%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 65</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="7AWE68KJ" width="849" height="632" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%225PGY772M%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2266%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A67%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B32.07%2C264.821%2C541.257%2C644.039%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2266%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2266%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 66</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="DMVZNVSE" width="859" height="406" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22JLWRZPPP%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2268%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A69%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B29.257%2C85.34%2C544.633%2C328.962%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2268%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2268%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 68</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="BTVQA87L" width="862" height="319" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%225REWQQMR%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2269%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A70%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B48.949%2C84.777%2C566.013%2C276.074%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2269%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2269%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 69</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="YJM622V6" width="851" height="321" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22KXZPZ6ED%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2271%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A72%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B50.637%2C162.421%2C561.512%2C355.406%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2271%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2271%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 71</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="V499BZ4Z" width="846" height="318" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22SPZ3VM95%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2279%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A80%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B52.888%2C290.702%2C560.387%2C481.436%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2279%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2279%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 79</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="ECKXPN7L" width="849" height="308" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22DWPUBIME%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2290%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A91%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B35.446%2C332.338%2C544.633%2C516.883%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2290%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2290%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 90</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="8HFG3RU2" width="836" height="229" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22S5BPFNVE%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2291%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A92%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B57.389%2C603.529%2C559.261%2C740.812%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2291%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2291%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 91</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="9RAAFSQB" width="842" height="321" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22HKB5DD37%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2293%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A94%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B56.264%2C489.876%2C561.512%2C682.298%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2293%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2293%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 93</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="A7X3LCEL" width="830" height="687" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22CGC9FSPL%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2294%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A95%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B38.259%2C329.524%2C536.193%2C741.375%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2294%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2294%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 94</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="3SIZK7SD" width="844" height="315" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%225QPZ97AE%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%22100%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A101%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B34.883%2C553.454%2C541.257%2C742.5%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22100%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22100%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 100</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="TAN6E7T4" width="847" height="383" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22PAQ4MBTY%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%22121%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A122%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B53.451%2C512.944%2C561.512%2C742.5%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22121%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22121%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 121</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="NVSBIP8I" width="842" height="558" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22YLSGNBBQ%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%22125%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A126%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B54.013%2C175.362%2C559.261%2C510.131%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22125%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22125%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 125</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="QIJKQLQ8" width="851" height="390" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22EHH8C377%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%22127%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A128%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B55.138%2C507.318%2C566.013%2C741.375%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22127%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22127%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 127</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="P8XA68EQ" width="857" height="461" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22HLAILS79%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%22129%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A130%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B48.387%2C127.538%2C562.637%2C404.355%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22129%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22129%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 129</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="HUPBMTL5" width="839" height="453" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%228JNGFT2D%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%22130%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A131%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B36.009%2C368.909%2C539.569%2C640.663%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22130%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22130%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 130</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="M446DYID" width="852" height="594" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22AE5QVZSE%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%22181%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A182%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B55.138%2C98.281%2C566.576%2C454.992%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22181%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22181%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 181</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="25ZSICUY" width="859" height="839" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22YSGP4WAS%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%22184%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A185%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B30%2C241.2%2C545.625%2C744.95%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22184%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22184%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 184</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="RAGDKI83" width="861" height="491" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22R6A4Z48T%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%22186%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A187%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B31.25%2C444.95%2C548.125%2C739.95%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22186%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22186%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 186</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="9GCFRRJM" width="849" height="938" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%223VQ8FF9V%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%22203%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A204%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B50%2C179.95%2C559.375%2C742.45%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22203%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22203%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 203</span>)</span></p><p><img data-attachment-key="YWLWPSM5" width="839" height="422" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FIE2DKDD3%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22J5VC3ND4%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%22206%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A207%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B35.625%2C374.325%2C538.75%2C627.45%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22206%22%7D%7D"/><br/><span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FS4YCTK5G%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%22206%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">OCDE, 2022, p. 206</span>)</span></p></div> -
Les enjeux de la culture numérique : des habitus de réception à la réflexivité numérique
- De l'éthique de la discussion
-
Note : PQRSD6X9 <div data-schema-version="8"><p>“L’éthique classique, comme d’ailleurs les théories modernes, partent de la question qui s’impose à un individu ayant besoin d’orientation lorsque dans une certaine situation, il se trouve, indécis, devant une tâche à maîtriser pratiquement : comment dois-je me comporter, que dois-je faire ?” p. 96</p> </div>
-
Note : 2VVGDWBE <div data-schema-version="8"><p>"La discussion pratique est en effet en mesure, grâce à ses caractéristique pragmatiques insoupçonnées, de garantir une formation de la volonté telle que les intérêts de tout un chacun puissent être mis en évidence sans que soit déchiré le tissu social qui lie objectivement chacun à tous." p.22</p> </div>
-
Dispositifs info-communicationnels de médiation des savoirs : cadre d’analyse pour l’information-documentation
-
L’éthique de la communication des sciences - AOC media
-
Ingénierie sémiotique et modélisation diagrammatique. Au-delà du modèle de Turing
-
1. Introduction
-
Note : KIM8H5DF <div data-schema-version="6"><p>« La différence entre le haut et le bas de cette échelle n’est pas une affaire de goût mais de choix consciemment poursuivi. » §13</p> </div>
-
Note : VEJG95SB <div data-schema-version="6"><p>“L’éthique est la science qui traite de la conduite en tant que l’on peut dire de celle-ci qu’elle est bonne ou mauvaise, qu’elle engage un jugement en termes de bien ou de mal.” § 1</p> </div>
-
22. Regard vers le futur
-
Note : 7WXKJ8LY <div data-schema-version="6"><p>« Si l’économie domine la vie — et si l’ordre économique s’appuie principalement sur le profit comme motif au lieu de faire droit à d’autres motifs comme l’excellence professionnelle, la maîtrise d’un métier, le souci d’une juste rémunération —, nous courons le danger de voir cette partie de notre vie qui devrait être subordonnée à toutes les autres valeurs et à tous les autres intérêts devenir la finalité ultime de nos existences. Nos vies ne peuvent se réduire à des bilans comptables. Lorsque la richesse est notre objectif principal, pour ne pas dire le seul, tout ce qui fait le sel de la vie — l’amour, la justice, la connaissance, la beauté — risque de passer au second plan. […] La vérité est que faire du profit et de la richesse le but ultime de l’existence revient à se méprendre gravement sur ce que doit être le sens d’une vie.» § 39</p> </div>
-
Note : TN75R2RF Comment: 12 pages (4 main pages), 4 figures, 4 tables, accepted at NeurIPS 2022 Workshop on Human Evaluation of Generative Models (HEGM)
-
Best Prompts for Text-to-Image Models and How to Find Them
- Big Data entre l’archive et le diagramme
-
Note : ARU3KE34 <div data-citation-items="%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22itemData%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22article-journal%22%2C%22abstract%22%3A%22Within%20Big%20Data%2C%20we%20distinguish%20two%20trends%20that%20allow%20us%20to%20describe%20new%20%E2%80%9Cdiagrams%E2%80%9D%20of%20power%2C%20the%20modes%20of%20governmentality%20that%20correspond%20to%20them%2C%20and%20their%20complex%20relations%20with%20knowledge.%20This%20analysis%2C%20drawing%20upon%20the%20cybernetic%20paradigm%2C%20leads%20us%20to%20formulate%20this%20hypothesis%3A%20from%20now%20on%2C%20what%20is%20in%20question%20is%20not%20simply%20a%20new%20historical%20form%20of%20the%20relationship%20between%20knowledges%20and%20power%2C%20but%20the%20inde%EF%AC%81nite%20self-actualization%20of%20the%20latter.%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.15122%2FISBN.978-2-406-07064-1.P.0067%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22fr%22%2C%22note%22%3A%22dimensions%3A%2021%20pages%2C%20pages%2067-87%5CnISBN%3A%209782406070641%5Cnmedium%3A%20application%2Fxhtml%2Bxml%2Capplication%2Fpdf%2Conline%2Cdatabase%2Capplication%2Fxhtml%2Bxml%20%3B%20application%2Fpdf%5Cnpublisher%3A%20Classiques%20Garnier%22%2C%22page%22%3A%2221%20pages%2C%20pages%2067-87%22%2C%22source%22%3A%22DOI.org%20(Datacite)%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Big%20Data%20entre%20l%E2%80%99archive%20et%20le%20diagramme%22%2C%22URL%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classiques-garnier.com%2Fdoi%2Fgarnier%3Farticle%3DEdgMS02_67%22%2C%22author%22%3A%5B%7B%22family%22%3A%22Khatchatourov%22%2C%22given%22%3A%22Armen%22%7D%5D%2C%22accessed%22%3A%7B%22date-parts%22%3A%5B%5B%222022%22%2C12%2C7%5D%5D%7D%2C%22issued%22%3A%7B%22date-parts%22%3A%5B%5B%222017%22%5D%5D%7D%7D%7D%5D" data-schema-version="6"><h1>Annotations<br/>(07/12/2022 à 08:07:15)</h1> <p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%223FS57SLU%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2266%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A1%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B375.59%2C483.536%2C380.548%2C488.417%5D%2C%5B56.7%2C472.003%2C381.087%2C476.884%5D%2C%5B56.7%2C460.47%2C340.326%2C465.351%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2266%22%7D%7D">« n va désormais non pas simplement d’une nouvelle forme historique de la relation entre les savoirs et le pouvoir mais de l’auto-actualisation indéfinie de ce dernier. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2266%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 66</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22RNNMZWYY%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2267%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A2%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B156.599%2C266.51%2C382.572%2C279.926%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C253.558%2C385.212%2C266.818%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C240.562%2C382.675%2C253.822%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C227.566%2C178.151%2C240.826%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2267%22%7D%7D">« Pour ce faire, nous tenterons de dégager le diagramme d’ aujourd’hui, dans le sens où ce terme est employé par Gilles Deleuze, à savoir une représentation, une exposition « des rapports de force qui constituent le pouvoir ». »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2267%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 67</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%229RQLKPKR%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffff00%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2270%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A5%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B70.866%2C452.796%2C93.87%2C466.056%5D%2C%5B99.21%2C428.592%2C382.674%2C441.852%5D%2C%5B113.382%2C415.392%2C382.631%2C428.652%5D%2C%5B113.382%2C402.192%2C151.014%2C415.452%5D%2C%5B99.21%2C388.992%2C382.712%2C402.252%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C375.795%2C382.703%2C389.055%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C362.595%2C142.426%2C375.855%5D%2C%5B99.202%2C349.395%2C307.978%2C362.655%5D%2C%5B99.214%2C336.195%2C382.633%2C349.455%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C322.995%2C382.691%2C336.255%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C309.795%2C214.326%2C323.055%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2270%22%7D%7D">« 4 V : – Le Volume (la grande quantité des données qui nécessite souvent des capacités de stockage importantes, voire le stockage reparti) ; – La Variété (la variété des formats et des sources, par exemple lorsqu’un traitement porte à la fois sur les fichiers audio et texte) ; – La Vitesse (le « temps réel » du traitement) ; – La Véracité (la mise en place des méthodes spécifiques pour gérer l’imprécision des données, leur intégrité, leur adéquation au phénomène étudié). »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2270%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 70</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22P7TP9XFV%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2270%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A5%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B303.677%2C259.193%2C382.626%2C272.453%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C245.993%2C382.621%2C259.253%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C232.793%2C382.7%2C246.053%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C219.593%2C382.719%2C232.853%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C206.393%2C382.667%2C219.653%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2270%22%7D%7D">« Selon le « discours Big Data », nous passerions ainsi du mode de raisonnement déductif au mode inductif, mode qui ne s’appuie pas sur des théories préalables et qui est alors présenté comme le plus neutre et objectif possible en suivant un argument de type « puisque les données nous le disent... ». »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2270%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 70</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%228Q8MERFH%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffff00%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2271%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A6%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B75.561%2C539.459%2C112.162%2C550.509%5D%2C%5B120.67%2C539.459%2C147.76%2C550.509%5D%2C%5B212.77%2C539.459%2C232.995%2C550.509%5D%2C%5B319.12%2C539.459%2C342.948%2C550.509%5D%2C%5B75.56%2C524.539%2C92.887%2C535.589%5D%2C%5B120.67%2C524.539%2C200.414%2C535.589%5D%2C%5B212.77%2C524.539%2C301.943%2C535.589%5D%2C%5B319.12%2C524.535%2C377.985%2C535.585%5D%2C%5B212.77%2C513.539%2C285.959%2C524.589%5D%2C%5B75.561%2C498.611%2C101.929%2C509.661%5D%2C%5B120.671%2C498.611%2C191.977%2C509.661%5D%2C%5B212.771%2C498.611%2C265.63%2C509.661%5D%2C%5B319.121%2C498.611%2C373.43%2C509.661%5D%2C%5B212.771%2C487.611%2C265.828%2C498.661%5D%2C%5B75.561%2C472.691%2C97.712%2C483.741%5D%2C%5B120.671%2C472.691%2C177.496%2C483.741%5D%2C%5B212.771%2C472.691%2C297.607%2C483.741%5D%2C%5B319.121%2C472.691%2C368.33%2C483.741%5D%2C%5B120.671%2C461.691%2C146.616%2C472.741%5D%2C%5B212.771%2C461.691%2C255.923%2C472.741%5D%2C%5B75.561%2C446.771%2C101.597%2C457.821%5D%2C%5B120.671%2C446.771%2C193.413%2C457.821%5D%2C%5B212.771%2C446.771%2C302.391%2C457.821%5D%2C%5B319.121%2C446.771%2C337.605%2C457.821%5D%2C%5B212.771%2C435.771%2C303.125%2C446.821%5D%2C%5B212.771%2C424.771%2C240.901%2C435.821%5D%2C%5B103.129%2C397.235%2C297.137%2C409.39%5D%2C%5B299.887%2C397.191%2C350.414%2C409.963%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2271%22%7D%7D">« Paradigm Nature Form When First Experimental science Empiricism ; describing natural phenomena pre-Renaissance Second Theoretical science Modeling and generalization pre-computers Third Computational science Simulation of complex phenomena pre-Big Data Fourth Exploratory science Data-intensive ; statistical exploration and data mining Now Tab. 1 – L’hypothèse du Big Data comme le 4e paradigme8. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2271%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 71</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22LJC8H3D9%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2272%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A7%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B370.536%2C518.988%2C385.157%2C532.248%5D%2C%5B70.854%2C505.884%2C382.661%2C519.144%5D%2C%5B70.854%2C492.78%2C382.662%2C506.04%5D%2C%5B70.854%2C479.628%2C304.984%2C493.044%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2272%22%7D%7D">« Les seuls éléments qui échappent clairement à l’enracinement ancien, nous y reviendrons, sont le volume en tant que tel et la question du passage de l’échantillon fini à la population complète (n=all). »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2272%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 72</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22N9HI2MHG%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffff00%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2272%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A7%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B85.039%2C387.996%2C382.671%2C401.256%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C374.896%2C382.654%2C388.156%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C361.796%2C382.694%2C375.056%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C348.696%2C382.696%2C361.956%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C335.596%2C382.64%2C348.856%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C322.492%2C262.526%2C335.752%5D%2C%5B85.038%2C309.388%2C382.678%2C322.648%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C296.296%2C382.675%2C309.556%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C283.196%2C382.656%2C296.456%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C270.096%2C382.672%2C283.356%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C256.996%2C382.679%2C270.256%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C243.896%2C382.667%2C257.156%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C230.796%2C382.679%2C244.056%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C217.696%2C382.662%2C230.956%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C204.596%2C382.677%2C217.856%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C191.496%2C382.672%2C204.756%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C178.396%2C145.727%2C191.656%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2272%22%7D%7D">« Ensuite, les données parlent-elles d’elles-mêmes ? Il y a bien un nouveau mode de générer les hypothèses, mais ces hypothèses restent guidées par les connaissances existantes et les présupposés des chercheurs. Les données et les résultats sont plus que jamais construits, que cela soit par le choix des données à récolter, le choix des modèles ou même le choix de tel ou tel logiciel de traitement. On a alors l’impression que la nouveauté de Big Data réside plutôt dans une combinaison spécifique des méthodes scientifiques et des enjeux épistémologiques : comment construit-on les modèles ? Quels agendas guident ces choix ? Mais plutôt que de s’intéresser à la construction sociale de la science, telle que Bruno Latour par exemple l’a thématisée en proposant en particulier de remplacer le terme de « données » par celui d’« obtenues10 », les discours Big Data s’emploient à passer sous silence cette construction, là où, paradoxalement, elle devrait être la plus apparente puisque toute action de récolte ou de traitement des données est potentiellement traçable et pourrait faire l’objet d’une analyse d’ordre épistémologique. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2272%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 72</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22XKFGLHGC%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2273%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A8%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B181.288%2C373.596%2C382.689%2C386.856%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C360.396%2C382.696%2C373.656%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C347.196%2C382.662%2C360.456%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C333.996%2C183.43%2C347.256%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2273%22%7D%7D">« Les données sont plus que jamais construites selon les choix industriels et politiques qui orientent non seulement la recherche mais la société dans son ensemble, choix qui risquent alors d’être passés sous silence. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2273%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 73</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22ZSKG495V%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffff00%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2274%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A9%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B85.039%2C462.044%2C382.652%2C475.304%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C448.844%2C382.661%2C462.104%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C435.644%2C382.686%2C448.904%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C422.444%2C382.67%2C435.704%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C409.244%2C382.669%2C422.504%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C396.044%2C175.068%2C409.304%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2274%22%7D%7D">« Dans sa variante la plus connue et la plus ancienne, pour laquelle nous employons ici le terme de Big Data Warehouse (entrepôt de données), le Big Data consiste en une accumulation la plus exhaustive possible des données. L’exhaustivité concerne ici aussi bien la couverture d’une population donnée (n=all) que la description, réelle ou fantasmée, de chaque individu14. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2274%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 74</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22RQY427TA%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffff00%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2275%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A10%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B85.038%2C505.596%2C382.697%2C518.856%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C492.396%2C382.686%2C505.656%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C479.196%2C382.643%2C492.456%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C465.996%2C382.764%2C479.256%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C452.796%2C382.678%2C466.056%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C439.596%2C382.622%2C452.856%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C426.396%2C382.68%2C439.656%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C413.196%2C382.691%2C426.456%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C399.996%2C382.696%2C413.256%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C386.796%2C382.653%2C400.056%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C373.596%2C382.684%2C386.856%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C360.396%2C382.674%2C373.656%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C347.196%2C382.67%2C360.456%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C333.996%2C303.03%2C347.256%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2275%22%7D%7D">« L’exemple qui est ici sans doute le plus parlant est celui des données à caractère personnel, ce nerf de la guerre économique que les acteurs majeurs du domaine se livrent. Le concept de finalités de traitement apparaît dans les années 1970, lorsque le croisement des données des différentes bases de données gouvernementales risque de conduire à un déséquilibre des pouvoirs et de menacer les libertés individuelles. Ce concept correspond alors à l’injonction de savoir à l’avance la destination de la collecte et du traitement des données. Les données personnelles « sont collectées pour des finalités déterminées, explicites et légitimes et ne sont pas traitées ultérieurement de manière incompatible avec ces finalités15 ». Parallèlement et de manière liée, apparaissent deux autres concepts : celui des données à caractère personnel (données potentiellement identifiantes) et celui du consentement (comme l’injonction de demander à l’utilisateur son accord pour la collecte). »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2275%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 75</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%226SJVY7JI%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffff00%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2275%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A10%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B99.21%2C283.392%2C382.678%2C296.655%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C270.195%2C382.688%2C283.455%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C256.995%2C382.678%2C270.255%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C243.795%2C382.659%2C257.055%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C230.595%2C382.687%2C243.855%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C217.395%2C323.542%2C230.655%5D%2C%5B99.214%2C204.195%2C382.677%2C217.455%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C190.995%2C382.692%2C204.255%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C177.795%2C382.7%2C191.055%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C164.595%2C382.679%2C177.855%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C151.395%2C217.954%2C164.655%5D%2C%5B99.214%2C138.195%2C382.677%2C151.455%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C124.995%2C382.673%2C138.255%5D%2C%5B113.386%2C111.795%2C382.687%2C125.055%5D%2C%5B113.398%2C98.595%2C285.451%2C111.855%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C78.516%2C79.13%2C88.461%5D%2C%5B87.024%2C78.48%2C290.798%2C88.461%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2275%22%7D%7D">« – Pas de finalité préalable à la collecte et au traitement : on collecte tout ce que l’on peut, tout d’abord parce que les coûts de cette collecte sont de moins au moins élevés, et plus fondamentalement parce que les données peuvent servir à quelque chose plus tard, conformément au postulat épistémologique de recherche de corrélations « insoupçonnées » ; – Plus de distinction entre les données identifiantes et non-identifiantes : toutes les données sont potentiellement identifiantes, soit par la ré-identification dans les bases existantes, soit pas le croisement avec de nouvelles données collectées sans finalité préalable (cf. ci-dessus) ; – Pas de consentement, tout d’abord parce que la collecte se fait, de fait, à l’insu de l’utilisateur, et plus fondamentalement parce qu’il est impossible de demander le consentement pour des finalités non-définies (cf. ci-dessus). 15 Loi Informatique et Libertés (Loi no 78-17 du 6 janv. 1978 rel »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2275%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 75</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22VUC7Y8ZC%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffff00%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2277%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A12%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B85.039%2C434.128%2C382.675%2C447.388%5D%2C%5B70.867%2C421.132%2C382.716%2C434.392%5D%2C%5B70.867%2C408.136%2C382.665%2C421.504%5D%2C%5B70.867%2C395.092%2C382.661%2C408.4%5D%2C%5B70.867%2C382.144%2C382.681%2C395.404%5D%2C%5B70.867%2C369.148%2C382.64%2C382.408%5D%2C%5B70.879%2C356.104%2C222.019%2C369.52%5D%2C%5B85.039%2C343.128%2C382.664%2C356.388%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C330.08%2C382.668%2C343.388%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C317.08%2C130.025%2C330.496%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2277%22%7D%7D">« Le second diagramme semble être guidé par les contraintes de réactivité par rapport aux phénomènes traités et se voit imposer les délais de réponse dits « en temps réel ». Il puise ses racines dans data stream mining relativement ancien, puisque datant du début des années 2000. L’approche change ici radicalement : on passe du paradigme « capturer – analyser » à l’analyse à même le flux de données. On parle dès lors de Big Data Stream (flux de données). En langage informatique, le Big Data Stream s’oppose radicalement au Big Data Warehouse de la même manière que le stream processing s’oppose au batch processing »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2277%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 77</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22JIQBE866%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2278%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A13%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B99.213%2C497.255%2C382.678%2C508.435%5D%2C%5B99.213%2C486.255%2C382.676%2C497.435%5D%2C%5B99.213%2C475.255%2C357.638%2C487.772%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2278%22%7D%7D">« The analogy here is that working in data streams is much like panning for gold. As the data stream passes by, analysis occurs in parallel that seeks to capture the relevant nuggets of information to best address specific questions or areas of concern21. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2278%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 78</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%229SQHL4FJ%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2282%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A17%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B140.225%2C454.896%2C382.677%2C468.156%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C441.996%2C382.67%2C455.256%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C429.096%2C342.946%2C442.356%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2282%22%7D%7D">« « Écotechnie signifie donc : l’être se révèle économiquement ; et la distinction entre la production comme concept économique et la production comme concept ontologique n’a plus cours32. » »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2282%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 82</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22HJLVK96M%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffff00%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2282%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A17%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B85.039%2C314.893%2C382.66%2C328.153%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C301.993%2C382.674%2C315.253%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C289.093%2C382.687%2C302.353%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C276.193%2C382.687%2C289.453%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C263.293%2C382.628%2C276.553%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C250.393%2C304.989%2C263.653%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2282%22%7D%7D">« Pour revenir plus spécifiquement au Big Data Stream, la réalité se dévoile ainsi, selon l’expression de Shoshana Zuboff, comme une nouvelle classe de marchandise : celle des comportements des êtres et des objets. Dans son travail récent, Zuboff évoque d’abord les trois « marchandises fictives » de Polanyi : la vie devenue travail, la nature devenue biens immobiliers, l’échange devenu monnaie. Elle y ajoute »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2282%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 82</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%223UZCEG3C%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffff00%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2283%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A18%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B85.039%2C545.196%2C382.675%2C558.564%5D%2C%5B70.867%2C531.948%2C382.675%2C545.256%5D%2C%5B70.867%2C518.796%2C382.691%2C532.056%5D%2C%5B70.867%2C505.596%2C382.673%2C518.856%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C492.396%2C382.659%2C505.656%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C479.196%2C382.692%2C492.456%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C465.996%2C382.678%2C479.256%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C452.796%2C382.683%2C466.056%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C439.596%2C382.678%2C452.856%5D%2C%5B70.872%2C426.396%2C382.652%2C439.656%5D%2C%5B70.86%2C413.196%2C191.902%2C426.456%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2283%22%7D%7D">« Cela veut dire exactement trois choses : que le produit du Big Data Stream est la réalité en tant que matière première du néolibéralisme et non en tant que « choses », « objets » ou « fonds » ; que cette réalité est le résultat de la naturalisation de comportements, eux-mêmes étant un produit dérivé des procédures complexes de traitement ; que plus ces comportements sont modulables, plus cette matière première est riche. On comprend alors mieux en quoi les « sociétés de contrôle » ne cherchent pas à uniformiser et à discipliner mais, au contraire, à moduler les comportements36 et à favoriser les différences individuelles : comme tout « data scientist » le sait, il y a peu à tirer des données provenant d’une population uniforme »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2283%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 83</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22A8LGBK8D%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2285%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A20%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B185.965%2C466.444%2C382.685%2C479.704%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C453.244%2C382.678%2C466.504%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C440.044%2C382.672%2C453.304%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C426.844%2C382.677%2C440.104%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C413.644%2C237.575%2C426.904%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2285%22%7D%7D">« Chez Foucault, nous l’avons déjà évoqué, le ressort interne des transformations historiques ne réside pas tant dans un diagramme particulier que dans la tension entre des diagrammes simultanés, l’exemple le plus connu étant la tension entre les mécanismes disciplinaires et de sécurité41. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2285%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 85</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22JYE5BMGG%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2286%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A21%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B163.938%2C402.196%2C382.644%2C415.456%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C389.2%2C268.807%2C402.46%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2286%22%7D%7D">« C’est l’archive qui permet un recul, une prise de position critique et une prise sur le pouvoir. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2286%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 86</span>)</span></p><p><span class="highlight" data-annotation="%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2FMZZFVHD9%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22TMB4VDT9%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2286%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A21%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B272.155%2C389.2%2C382.667%2C402.46%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C376.196%2C382.651%2C389.456%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C363.148%2C382.679%2C376.564%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C350.2%2C382.705%2C363.46%5D%2C%5B70.866%2C337.204%2C208.878%2C350.464%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2286%22%7D%7D">« En d’autres mots encore, si le diagramme est une représentation qui rend visibles les forces et les rapports de pouvoirs, les conditions de possibilité d’une prise sur les forces qui y circulent résident dans l’archive, et ceci en raison même de leur présupposition réciproque. »</span> <span class="citation" data-citation="%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F13594%2Fitems%2F632KNPPQ%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2286%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">(<span class="citation-item">Khatchatourov, 2017, p. 86</span>)</span></p></div>
-
Designing Ecosystems of Intelligence from First Principles
-
Note : DTN63BN4 Comment: 21+18 pages, one figure, one appendix
-
Perspectives de l'OCDE sur l'éducation numérique 2021: Repousser les frontières avec l'IA, la blockchain et les robots
-
Note : IID2MDUC <div data-schema-version="6"><p>“Partir de l’indignation et, alors, redresser l’élan émotionnel, l’indignation, pour retrouver l’argumentation. Derrière le sentiment, l’émotion brute, retrouver la force argumentative enfouie dans les sentiments.” § 70</p> </div>
- Une histoire de la philosophie Tome 1 La constellation occidentale de la foi et du savoir Jürgen Habermas essai traduit de l'allemand par Frédéric Joly ouvrage traduit avec le concours du Centre national du Livre
- Le dernier jour d'un condamné